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  <div class="section" id="bytes-objects">
<span id="bytesobjects"></span><h1>字节对象<a class="headerlink" href="#bytes-objects" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
<p>当期望带一个字节串形参但却带一个非字节串形参被调用时，这些函数会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>。</p>
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><dl class="type">
<dt id="c.PyBytesObject">
<code class="descname">PyBytesObject</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytesObject" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>这种 <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></code></a> 的子类型表示一个 Python 字节对象。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_Type">
<a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a> <code class="descname">PyBytes_Type</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_Type" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></code></a> 的实例代表一个 Python 字节类型，在 Python 层面它与 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> 是相同的对象。</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_Check">
int <code class="descname">PyBytes_Check</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_Check" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return true if the object <em>o</em> is a bytes object or an instance of a subtype
of the bytes type.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_CheckExact">
int <code class="descname">PyBytes_CheckExact</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_CheckExact" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return true if the object <em>o</em> is a bytes object, but not an instance of a
subtype of the bytes type.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_FromString">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyBytes_FromString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em>&nbsp;*v</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_FromString" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Return a new bytes object with a copy of the string <em>v</em> as value on success,
and <em>NULL</em> on failure.  The parameter <em>v</em> must not be <em>NULL</em>; it will not be
checked.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_FromStringAndSize">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyBytes_FromStringAndSize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em>&nbsp;*v</em>, Py_ssize_t<em>&nbsp;len</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_FromStringAndSize" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Return a new bytes object with a copy of the string <em>v</em> as value and length
<em>len</em> on success, and <em>NULL</em> on failure.  If <em>v</em> is <em>NULL</em>, the contents of
the bytes object are uninitialized.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_FromFormat">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyBytes_FromFormat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em>&nbsp;*format</em>, ...<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_FromFormat" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Take a C <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf()</span></code>-style <em>format</em> string and a variable number of
arguments, calculate the size of the resulting Python bytes object and return
a bytes object with the values formatted into it.  The variable arguments
must be C types and must correspond exactly to the format characters in the
<em>format</em> string.  The following format characters are allowed:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="29%" />
<col width="23%" />
<col width="48%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Format Characters</th>
<th class="head">类型</th>
<th class="head">注释</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%%</span></code></td>
<td><em>不适用</em></td>
<td>The literal % character.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%c</span></code></td>
<td>int</td>
<td>一个字节，被表示为一个 C 语言的整型</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%d</span></code></td>
<td>int</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%d&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id9" id="id1">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%u</span></code></td>
<td>无符号整型</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%u&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id9" id="id2">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%ld</span></code></td>
<td>长整型</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%ld&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id9" id="id3">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%lu</span></code></td>
<td>无符号长整型</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%lu&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id9" id="id4">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%zd</span></code></td>
<td>Py_ssize_t</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%zd&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id9" id="id5">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%zu</span></code></td>
<td>size_t</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%zu&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id9" id="id6">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%i</span></code></td>
<td>int</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%i&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id9" id="id7">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%x</span></code></td>
<td>int</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%x&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id9" id="id8">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%s</span></code></td>
<td>const char*</td>
<td>A null-terminated C character
array.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%p</span></code></td>
<td>const void*</td>
<td>The hex representation of a C
pointer. Mostly equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%p&quot;)</span></code> except that
it is guaranteed to start with
the literal <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x</span></code> regardless
of what the platform's
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf</span></code> yields.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>An unrecognized format character causes all the rest of the format string to be
copied as-is to the result object, and any extra arguments discarded.</p>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id9" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label">[1]</td><td><em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">2</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">3</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id4">4</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id5">5</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id6">6</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id7">7</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id8">8</a>)</em> For integer specifiers (d, u, ld, lu, zd, zu, i, x): the 0-conversion
flag has effect even when a precision is given.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_FromFormatV">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyBytes_FromFormatV</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em>&nbsp;*format</em>, va_list<em>&nbsp;vargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_FromFormatV" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Identical to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyBytes_FromFormat" title="PyBytes_FromFormat"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_FromFormat()</span></code></a> except that it takes exactly two
arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_FromObject">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyBytes_FromObject</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_FromObject" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Return the bytes representation of object <em>o</em> that implements the buffer
protocol.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_Size">
Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">PyBytes_Size</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_Size" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the length of the bytes in bytes object <em>o</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_GET_SIZE">
Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">PyBytes_GET_SIZE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_GET_SIZE" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Macro form of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyBytes_Size" title="PyBytes_Size"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_Size()</span></code></a> but without error checking.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_AsString">
char* <code class="descname">PyBytes_AsString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_AsString" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a pointer to the contents of <em>o</em>.  The pointer
refers to the internal buffer of <em>o</em>, which consists of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">len(o)</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>
bytes.  The last byte in the buffer is always null, regardless of
whether there are any other null bytes.  The data must not be
modified in any way, unless the object was just created using
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL,</span> <span class="pre">size)</span></code>. It must not be deallocated.  If
<em>o</em> is not a bytes object at all, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyBytes_AsString" title="PyBytes_AsString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_AsString()</span></code></a> returns <em>NULL</em>
and raises <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_AS_STRING">
char* <code class="descname">PyBytes_AS_STRING</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*string</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_AS_STRING" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Macro form of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyBytes_AsString" title="PyBytes_AsString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_AsString()</span></code></a> but without error checking.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_AsStringAndSize">
int <code class="descname">PyBytes_AsStringAndSize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*obj</em>, char<em>&nbsp;**buffer</em>, Py_ssize_t<em>&nbsp;*length</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_AsStringAndSize" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the null-terminated contents of the object <em>obj</em>
through the output variables <em>buffer</em> and <em>length</em>.</p>
<p>If <em>length</em> is <em>NULL</em>, the bytes object
may not contain embedded null bytes;
if it does, the function returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> and a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>
<p>The buffer refers to an internal buffer of <em>obj</em>, which includes an
additional null byte at the end (not counted in <em>length</em>).  The data
must not be modified in any way, unless the object was just created using
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL,</span> <span class="pre">size)</span></code>.  It must not be deallocated.  If
<em>obj</em> is not a bytes object at all, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyBytes_AsStringAndSize" title="PyBytes_AsStringAndSize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_AsStringAndSize()</span></code></a>
returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> and raises <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">在 3.5 版更改: </span>Previously, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> was raised when embedded null bytes were
encountered in the bytes object.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_Concat">
void <code class="descname">PyBytes_Concat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;**bytes</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*newpart</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_Concat" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a new bytes object in <em>*bytes</em> containing the contents of <em>newpart</em>
appended to <em>bytes</em>; the caller will own the new reference.  The reference to
the old value of <em>bytes</em> will be stolen.  If the new object cannot be
created, the old reference to <em>bytes</em> will still be discarded and the value
of <em>*bytes</em> will be set to <em>NULL</em>; the appropriate exception will be set.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyBytes_ConcatAndDel">
void <code class="descname">PyBytes_ConcatAndDel</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;**bytes</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;*newpart</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_ConcatAndDel" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a new bytes object in <em>*bytes</em> containing the contents of <em>newpart</em>
appended to <em>bytes</em>.  This version decrements the reference count of
<em>newpart</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="c._PyBytes_Resize">
int <code class="descname">_PyBytes_Resize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em>&nbsp;**bytes</em>, Py_ssize_t<em>&nbsp;newsize</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyBytes_Resize" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A way to resize a bytes object even though it is &quot;immutable&quot;. Only use this
to build up a brand new bytes object; don't use this if the bytes may already
be known in other parts of the code.  It is an error to call this function if
the refcount on the input bytes object is not one. Pass the address of an
existing bytes object as an lvalue (it may be written into), and the new size
desired.  On success, <em>*bytes</em> holds the resized bytes object and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> is
returned; the address in <em>*bytes</em> may differ from its input value.  If the
reallocation fails, the original bytes object at <em>*bytes</em> is deallocated,
<em>*bytes</em> is set to <em>NULL</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#MemoryError" title="MemoryError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MemoryError</span></code></a> is set, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> is
returned.</p>
</dd></dl>

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